One Year of COVID-19 in Spain, Longitudinal Study on Mental and Physical Health.

The objective of this longitudinal study carried out with the same participants, with two repeated measurements, the first taken in March 2020 (M1) and the second measurement in March 2021 (M2), is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout one year on the levels of Affect, Psychological Well-being, Depression and Mental and Physical Health, as well as to learn about the evolution of those levels from M1 to M2. Comparison of the mean scores of the variables analyzed between the two measurements (M1 and M2) show significant differences in the following scales: Positive Affect (PANAS), with lower scores at M2; Total Depression (BDI-II) and the two Cognitive-Affective and Somatic-Motivational factors, with higher scores at M2; the physical and mental health scales (SF-36) of Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Vitality, Social Functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health, and the two Physical and Mental Health components, with lower scores at M2 in all of them; and the Purpose in Life (PWB) scale, with a lower score at M2. We can conclude that the one-year pandemic situation has affected all the variables analyzed in this work, showing a decrease in positive affect, an increase in the score of the depression inventory, worse physical and mental health, and less psychological well-being. Throughout the pandemic year, the results show that age has a moderation effect on the Somatic-Motivational factor and on the Total Depression, Physical Functioning, Vitality, and Role Emotional scales. Gender shows no moderation effect on any of the four variables analyzed.

Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on personal well-being:A longitudinal study in Spanish population / Efectos del confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en el bienestar personal: Un estudio longitudinal en población española

El principal objetivo de este estudio longitudinal con dos medi-ciones, una antes del período de confinamiento M1 (del 2 al 8 de marzo), y otra durante el confinamiento M2 (del 20 al 26 de abril), realizadas a los mismos participantes, es conocer la evolución de los aspectos hedónicos y eudaimónicos del bienestar yel efecto que sobre ellos ha supuesto el confinamiento obligatorio debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 en España. El estudio se realizó online, los participantes completaron los dominios de la medida de bienestar “The PERMAProfiler” en ambas mediciones (M1y M2) y la medida de optimismo disposicional “Life Orientation Test-Revised” (LOT-R) en la primera medición (M1). Los resultados muestran una relación significativa entre todos los dominios de bienestar y con la puntuación PERMA Global Bienestar, similares en ambas mediciones (M1 y M2). La comparación de las puntuaciones medias de los dominios de bienestar entre ambas mediciones muestra diferencias significativas en Emociones Positivas, Compromiso, Significado y en la puntuación de PERMA Global Bienestar; la puntuación es más elevada en la primera medición (M1) que en la segunda medición (M2). En el dominio Emociones Negativas, la puntuación es más alta en el período de confinamiento (M2). El optimismo disposicional ejerce un efecto de moderación durante elconfinamiento en el dominio de Logros: cuánto más optimista es la persona más aumenta su puntuación en este dominio. El género también ejerce un efecto de moderación durante el confinamiento en el dominio de Felicidad: en los hombres aumenta la puntuaciónde Felicidad durante el período de confinamiento y en las mujeres disminuye, comparados ambos con sus niveles previos de no confinamiento.(AU)

The main objective of this longitudinal study, with two measurements, one before the lockdown (M1: March 28), and the other during the lockdown (M2: April 2026), using the same participants, is to determine the evolution of the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being and the effect of compulsory confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The study was conducted online, participants completed the domains of the PERMA-Profiler well-being measureat both measurement times (M1 and M2) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-sR) measure of dispositional optimism at the first measurement (M1). The re-sults show significant relationships between all the well-being domains and the Overall Well-being (PERMA) score, similar at both measurements (M1 and M2). The comparison of the well-being domains score between the two measurements shows significant differences in Positive Emotion, Engagement, Meaning, and the Overall Well-being score; the score is higher at the first measurement (M1) than at the second measurement (M2). For the Negative Emotion domain, the score is higher during the lockdown (M2). Dispositional optimism has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Accomplishment domain: the more optimistic the person is, the more their Accomplishment score increases. Gender also has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Happiness domain: in men, the Happiness score increases during the lockdown and, in women, it decreases, when comparing both genders with their previous non confinement levels.(AU)

Longitudinal study on affect, psychological well-being, depression, mental and physical health, prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This longitudinal study, before and during the confinement of the COVID-19 pandemic, is to determine the evolution and effects on affect, psychological well-being, depression, and mental and physical health, during an ordinary week, from March 1 to March 7, in the week leading up to the establishment of confinement, from March 8 to March 14, and for several weeks of confinement, from March 15 to April 25. The most relevant results reveal significant differences between men and women in the confinement period, on almost all the scales of psychological well-being (SPWB), with the men obtaining a lower mean than the women. The analyses of the differences between the time periods show a significant difference in the Positive Affect scale (PANAS), the ordinary week group obtaining the highest score, and with this score decreasing in the pre-confinement week and the confinement period, and Negative Affect scale (PANAS) remained stable We found no significant differences in the participants' total depression score (BDI-II). S we obtained significant differences in the Role Physical and Physical Health Component scales (SF-36) between the pre-confinement week, with the highest mean, and the confinement.

Relations Between Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence, Specific Aspects of Empathy, and Non-verbal Sensitivity.

In this work, on the one hand, we examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and empathy and, on the other, the relationship between EI and non-verbal sensitivity, through two independent studies. The first study analyzed the relationship between dimensions of EI and aspects of empathy, in a sample of 856 participants who completed two measures of EI, the trait meta-mood scale (TMMS) and the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue), and a measure of empathy, the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). The results showed a similar pattern of significant positive relations in all the EI domains with empathic perspective-taking (PT), and significant negative relationships with empathic personal distress (PD), except for the EI domain of attention, which had a positive relationship. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the dimension that best predicted empathic PT and empathic concern (EC) was the emotionality factor; whereas attention best predicted empathic fantasy; and the self-control factor best predicted PD, although negatively. Gender emerged as a predictor of three empathic aspects, fantasy, EC, and PD, with women obtaining higher scores than men in all of them. Age was the only predictor of fantasy, with a negative relationship. The second study involved 646 people who completed the same measures of EI as the participants of the first study and the mini-profile of non-verbal sensitivity (Mini-PONS). The results showed some significant relationships between EI dimensions and the channels and quadrants of the MiniPONS. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that very few EI dimensions predicted non-verbal sensitivity, with attention obtaining the best result. Both gender and age emerged as predictors, some in unique cases, of channels, quadrants, and of the total score of non-verbal sensitivity; age had a negative relationship, and women obtained higher scores than men.

Dimensions of emotional intelligence related to physical and mental health and to health behaviors.

In this paper the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and health is examined. The current work investigated the dimensions of EI are sufficient to explain various components of physical and mental health, and various categories of health-related behaviors. A sample of 855 participants completed two measures of EI, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and trait emotional intelligence questionnaire, a measure of health, the Health Survey SF-36 Questionnaire (SF-36); and a measure of health-related behaviors, the health behavior checklist. The results show that the EI dimensions analyzed are better predictors of mental health than of physical health. The EI dimensions that positively explain the Mental Health Component are Well-Being, Self-Control and Sociability, and negatively, Attention. Well-Being, Self-Control and Sociability positively explain the Physical Health Component. EI dimensions predict a lower percentage of health-related behaviors than they do health components. Emotionality and Repair predict the Preventive Health Behavior category, and only one dimension, Self-Control, predicts the Risk Taking Behavior category. Older people carry out more preventive behaviors for health.

Sesgo de evitación de información emocional positiva en la tristeza / Positive emotional information avoiding bias in sadness

En este trabajo se estudian los déficits específicos y generalizados en el reconocimiento de la expresión emocional facial y vocal entre personas con baja y alta tristeza. Se pretende verificar si los sesgos que aparecen en el caso del trastorno por depresión mayor se producen de igual manera en condiciones emocionales no clínicas. Los resultados muestran que no se producen déficits generalizados en el reconocimiento emocional, pero sí se da el sesgo de evitación de información emocional positiva. En el caso del reconocimiento vocal también aparece un sesgo que determina mayor exactitud en el reconocimiento de la expresión de tristeza en el grupo de alta tristeza. Ambos sesgos parecen ser fenómenos independientes ya que no ocurren en el caso del reconocimiento facial y la correlación entre ambos no es significativa

The purpose of this study is to analyze specific and general deficits in facial and vocal emotional expression recognition in people with low and high sadness. The aim is to verify whether common biases of major depressive disorder occur in nonclinical emotional conditions too. According to the results there are no general deficits in emotional recognition, but there is avoidance bias of positive emotional information. As for voice recognition bias, there also appears to be a more accurate recognition of the expression of sadness in the high sadness group. Both biases seem to be independent phenomena as they do not occur in the case of facial recognition and the correlation between both is non-significant

Estados emocionales y afectivos en infertilidad: un estudio comparativo con personas fértiles / Emotional and affective states in infertility: a comparative study of fertile people

El objetivo del estudio es conocer el grado de ajuste emocional, afecto positivo y negativo y recursos adaptativos en pacientes infértiles en una fase anterior a la del tratamiento médico, así como la capacidad de expresión de emociones o alexitimia, y manifestaciones de ansiedad estado y rasgo, estableciendo además las posibles diferencias de sexo. El grupo experimental está constituido por 101 personas (50 hombres y 51 mujeres) que asistieron a una unidad de reproducción asistida para solicitar un estudio de fertilidad y el grupo control por 90 personas con hijos (36 hombres y 54 mujeres). El análisis de los resultados pone de manifiesto que las mujeres infértiles muestran mayores niveles de desajuste emocional, de ansiedad-estado y afecto negativo que las mujeres fértiles. También se ha encontrado que las mujeres infértiles muestran mayor desajuste emocional, ansiedad-estado, ansiedad-rasgo y afecto negativo que los hombres infértiles. Finalmente, el grupo de hombres en su totalidad presenta mayores niveles de alexitimia que las mujeres. Los resultados de esta investigación sirven para entender los procesos subyacentes a la enfermedad crónica de la infertilidad (AU)

The objective of this research is the assessment of emotional maladjustment, positive and negative affect and adaptive resources in infertile patients in a stage previous to medical treatment, as well as the ability to show emotions or alexithymia, and state and trait anxiety, establishing also the gender differences in those variables. The experimental group was formed by 101 patients with fertility problems (51 men and 50 women) who had requested a fertility study in a reproductive assistance center, and the control group was formed by 90 participants with children (36 men and 54 women) from general population. The results concluded that infertile women showed higher levels of emotional maladjustment, state-anxiety and negative affect than fertile women. It was also found that infertile women showed higher levels of emotional maladjustment, trait-anxiety, state-anxiety, and negative affect than infertile men. Finally, men exhibit higher levels of alexithymia than women. The results of this research help to understand the infertility underlying processes